A Dictionary of Neurological signs



              
                      In writing a book devoted to neurological signs and their meaning, it is not my intention to undervalue in any way the skill of neurological history taking. This remains the key element of the doctor-patient encounter both in the neurological clinic and on the ward, and is clearly crucial in order to formulate diagnostic hypotheses, guide clinical examination, and help decide on the nature of the pathological process (if one is present). However, having sat through several thousand neurological consultations, I do not subscribe to the view that all one need do is listen carefully and the patient will “tell you the diagnosis”, although this may happen on rare (and often memorable) occasions. Clearly, history taking is not simply a passive recording of symptoms (“what the patient complains of”), but also an active process of seeking information of possible diagnostic significance through appropriate questions; this might be called the “historical examination”. This latter facet of history taking, much the more difficult skill to learn, may disclose certain neurological signs which are not available to physical examination (principally in the sensory domain, but also intermittent motor phenomena). Hence, my use of the term “sign” in this book is a broad one, encompassing not only findings in physical examination (its traditional use) but also from focused history taking. My operational definition of sign is therefore simply a “signifier”, in the sense of phenomena of semiologic value, giving information as to anatomical location and/or pathological cause. 

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